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James Tytler (17 December 1745,〔Hew Scott, ''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae'', vol. 5, (1925, p. 397); biography, ''Balloon Tytler'' by Sir James Fergusson of Kilkerran (1972, p. 18). Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777-1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.): ''The Early Britannica (1768-1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia''. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69-155, here 71. The book "The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica," by Herman Kogan, states that he was 29 when he began work for Britannica, which puts his year of birth at or around 1748〕 Fearn, Angus - 11 January 1804, Salem, Massachusetts) was a Scottish apothecary and the editor of the second edition of ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Tytler became the first person in Britain to fly by ascending in a hot air balloon (1784). A group of historiographers wrote about him: == Life == Tytler was the son of a Presbyterian minister in Forfarshire, Scotland. His father taught him Greek, Latin and theology. He probably studied for the ministry but was not interested in (Orthodox) Calvinism. He became a preacher in the Church of Scotland and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh,〔The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan,〕 after which he was apprenticed to a ship's surgeon for one year.〔The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan, p. 16.〕 He may not have been awarded a degree,〔Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777-1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.): ''The Early Britannica (1768-1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia''. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69-155, here 71/73.〕 although the 11th edition of Britannica refers to him as James Tytler, M.A.〔11th edition, 1911, vol 9, p. 378.〕 He declined to practice medicine but instead opened a pharmacy in Leith, near Edinburgh, which was a financial failure, leaving him in debt.〔The Great EB, the story of Encyclopædia Britannica, Herman Kogan〕 The two longest articles in the second edition of ''Britannica'' are Surgery and Pharmacy,〔The second edition of Britannica.〕 reflecting his fields of expertise. In 1765, Tytler married Elizabeth Rattray, the orphaned daughter of a solicitor. Soon after, he fled Scotland to escape his creditors. His financial problems may have come from his alcoholism. He went to northern England, where he again tried to make a living as an apothecary. After fathering several children there, he returned to Edinburgh in 1772 or 1773. In 1774 or 1775 Tytler separated from his wife; at the time the couple had five children.〔Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777-1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.): ''The Early Britannica (1768-1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia''. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69-155, here 73/74.〕 The years when Tytler worked as editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1777–1784 for the second edition, and 1788-1793 for the third) were his financially most lucrative. He also earned income from editing other works and translations. In March 1785, however, he became bankrupt again, possibly due to the costs of his engaging in hot air ballooning. He moved between several locations in Scotland and northern England. Elizabeth Rattray sued him for divorce in 1788, because he had lived with Jean Aitkenhead since about 1779 and had twin daughters with her.〔Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777-1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.): ''The Early Britannica (1768-1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia''. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69–155, here p. 151–152.〕 He returned to Edinburgh in 1791. He was outlawed in absentia by the Scottish High Court because of political dissent and moved to Belfast in 1793, then in 1795 to the United States. In Salem, Massachusetts, he edited the ''Salem Register'', published some works and sold medicine. On 9 January 1804, Tytler left his house drunk; two days later the sea returned his body.〔Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777-1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.): ''The Early Britannica (1768-1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia''. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69-155, here p. 154/155.〕 James and Elizabeth Rattray were members of the Glasites, a radical Protestant sect. In the 1770s, Tytler left the sect and denounced it together with all churches. He remained a fervent Christian without denomination. In Salem he never went to church.〔Kathleen Hardesty Doig, Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland and Dennis A. Trinkle: James Tytler's edition (1777-1784): a vast expansion and improvement. In: Frank A. Kafker, Jeff Loveland (ed.): ''The Early Britannica (1768-1803): the growth of an outstanding encyclopedia''. Voltaire Foundation, Oxford 2009, pp. 69-155, here 73/74, 155.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Tytler」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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